Unity and Diversity in Geometric Gardens

There are different types of gardens; each one is influenced by time, place, and science. Gardens’ design was inspired by the scientific results of a particular age. It transforms the practical need of people into beautiful edifice and provides users with comfort and convenience. Gardens are characterized by the deep thinking of geometry and beauty, as in Andalusia, Istanbul, Iran, Afghanistan, and Italy. Besides simplicity, shapes in geometric gardens have unity and diversity. These foundations can achieve harmony. Geometric gardens have a type, embodied in many models and organized by this main type, leading to common characteristics. This chapter will discuss these characteristics and their diversity with a comparative analytical study between East and West gardens to find the bases of diversity and the elements’ unity. It will discuss many models of geometric gardens through the concept of type and model. The chapter focuses on many examples to test its response to specific designing elements of landscape and how it reflects its experience of designing the garden. The conclusion is based on the interactive vision type, model, diversity, and unity to find common and noncommon characteristics in geometric gardens of different places and ages

Rekonstrukcja Miejskiego Centrum Historycznego: współczesne problemy, trudności i perspektywy

Adapting historical city buildings into modern facilities is a basic problem in architecture today. In many large cities, historical centers preserve cultural heritage, including spiritual, cultural, economic, and social capital of irreplaceable value. Because of their importance, these centers must consider the unique characteristics of their surroundings, including harmony of size, spatial composition, architectural environment, facades, and the facilities in general. Disharmony in the architectural design of these centers is evident in the non-compliance of new objects, particularly in historical areas of the city. The restoration, reconstruction, and repair of these historical sites require special knowledge. Experts with this special knowledge can implement modern methods, strategic and operational modes of architecture, and public programs to preserve the historical and cultural values of these sites, thus preserving them for the future, which follows the sustainable development concept. The main conclusion of the research is that unique modern buildings, including novel architectural and constructive elements, can coexist with historical ones by using right policies and methods.Adaptacja historycznej zabudowy miejskiej do nowoczesnych obiektów to podstawowy problem współczesnej architektury. W wielu dużych miastach historyczne centra przechowują dziedzictwo kulturowe, w tym kapitał duchowy, kulturowy, gospodarczy i społeczny o niezastąpionej wartości. Ze względu na swoje znaczenie centra te muszą uwzględniać unikalne cechy swojego otoczenia, w tym harmonię wielkości, kompozycji przestrzennej, środowiska architektonicznego, elewacji i ogólnie obiektów. Dysharmonia w architekturze tych centrów przejawia się w niezgodności nowych obiektów, szczególnie w historycznych obszarach miasta. Renowacja, rekonstrukcja i naprawa tych historycznych miejsc wymaga specjalnej wiedzy. Specjaliści posiadający tę wiedzę mogą wdrażać nowoczesne metody, strategiczne i operacyjne tryby architektury oraz programy publiczne w celu zachowania historycznych i kulturowych wartości tych miejsc, a tym samym zachowania ich dla przyszłości, co jest zgodne z koncepcją zrównoważonego rozwoju. Głównym wnioskiem z badań jest to, że unikatowe nowoczesne budynki, w tym nowatorskie elementy architektoniczne i konstrukcyjne, mogą współistnieć z historycznymi przy zastosowaniu odpowiednich polityk i metod

The phenomenon of diversity and the effective response to the physical environment: the formation of old traditional markets (Suq)

Many cities worldwide take pride in their traditional markets. This research aims to verify the importance of lessons learned from old traditional markets, characterized by the effective response to their physical environment. This main aim leads to many secondary aims. First is the aim to explain the role of the phenomena of diversity in the establishment of various markets. Second, the research aims to explain the relationship between the specialization of goods, the architectural form and general planning of the market. Third, the research aims to investigate the relationship between markets and the diversity of the goods, width of the corridors, roofing style, and how this diversity affects shoppers, as well as interacting among the shoppers themselves. The research adopts a descriptive analytical methodology for a number of market types in order to study the morphology of traditional markets, their form, their urban context, and their relationship with the diversity of the goods and the impact it has on shoppers. The most important conclusion reached by the research is that the diversity in the morphology of traditional markets corresponds to the diversity and change of goods, the width of the corridors and the style of the roof … etc. This diversity affects shoppers and generates a state of pleasure and social interaction